In the previous section, we examined Duty Cycle, coding rate, and packet structure in the LoRa protocol. Now that we are familiar with the nature and overall operation of the

Duty Cycle In the previous section, we explored Spreading Factors and ADR in LoRaWAN. Duty Cycle indicates what portion of time a resource or channel is actively in use. For

Spreading Factors In the previous section, we reviewed LoRa activation methods. LoRa operates based on Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) technology, where Chirps (or Symbols) act as data carriers. The key

LoRaWAN Activation- OTAA and ABP in Versions 1.0.x and 1.1 We previously reviewed LoRaWAN device classes. Every LoRaWAN device must be registered in a network before it can send or

LoRaWAN Device Classes: Review and Comparison of Class A, B, and C In the previous article about What is LoRa and LoRaWAN? | Differences, Applications, and Advantages in IoT, we

What is LoRa and LoRaWAN? LoRa is a long-range wireless modulation technology that transmits data with extremely low power consumption over unlicensed, free frequency bands. It is based on Chirp